Monday, March 30, 2009

涅槃 [各辭典的解釋]

涅槃
[nie4 pan2]
(Buddhism) nirvana

<--- 陳義孝佛學常見辭彙 --->
涅槃
華譯滅度、寂滅、圓寂、大寂定等,是超越時空的真如境界,也是不生不滅的意思。

<--- Eng-Ch-Eng dic of Buddhist terms --->
涅槃
Nirvana  涅槃  Nirvana is a Sanskrit word which is originally translated as "perfect stillness". It has many other meanings, such as liberation, eternal bliss, tranquil extinction, extinction of individual existence, unconditioned, no rebirth, calm joy, etc. It is usually described as transmigration to "extinction", but the meaning given to "extinction" varies.   There are four kinds of Nirvana:   1.Nirvana of pure, clear self-nature   2.Nirvana with residue   3.Nirvana without residue   4.Nirvana of no dwelling

<--- 三藏法數 --->
涅槃
梵語涅槃,華言滅度。謂諸眾生,猒生死苦,修習梵行,斷諸煩惱,證大涅槃,故違煩惱之惑也。
梵語涅槃,華言滅度。即如來所證究竟法身之果。以其無滅無生,不遷不變,是為常住果。

<--- Chin-Eng-Buddhist --->
涅槃
nirvāṇa, 'blown out, gone out, put out, extinguished'; 'liberated-from existence'; 'dead, deceased, defunct.' 'Liberation, eternal bliss'; '(with Buddhists and Jainas) absolute extinction or annihilation, complete extinction of individual existence.' M.W. Other forms are 涅槃那; 泥日; 泥洹; 泥畔 Originally translated 滅 to extinguish, extinction, put out (as a lamp or fire), it was also described as 解脫 release, 寂滅 tranquil extinction; 無為 inaction, without effort, passiveness; 不生 no (re)birth; 安樂 calm joy; 滅度transmigration to 'extinction'. The meaning given to 'extinction' varies, e.g. individual extinction; cessation of rebirth; annihilation of passion; extinction of all misery and entry into bliss. While the meaning of individual extinction is not without advocates, the general acceptation is the extinction or end of all return to reincarnation with its concomitant suffering, and the entry into bliss. Nirvāṇa may be enjoyed in the present life as an attainable state, with entry into parinirvāṇa, or perfect bliss to follow. It may be (a) with a 'remainder', i.e. the cause but not all the effect (karma), of reincarnation having been destroyed; (b) without 'remainder', both cause and effect having been extinguished. The answer of the Buddha as to the continued personal existence of the Tathāgata in nirvāṇa is, in the Hīnayāna canon, relegated 'to the sphere of the indeterminates' (Keith), as one of the questions which are not essential to salvation. One argument is that flame when blown out does not perish but returns to the totality of Fire. The Nirvāṇa Sutra claims for nirvāṇa the ancient ideas of 常樂我淨 permanence, bliss, personality purity in the transcendental realm. Mahāyāna declares that Hīnayāna by denying personality in the transcendental realm denies the existence of the Buddha. In Mahāyāna final nirvāṇa is transcendental, and is also used as a term for the absolute. The place where the Buddha entered his earthly nirvāṇa is given as Kuśinagara, cf. 拘.    [Soothill]

Nirvana##Nirvana is a Sanskrit word which is originally translated as "perfect stillness". It has many other meanings, such as liberation, eternal bliss, tranquil extinction, extinction of individual existence, unconditioned, no rebirth, calm joy, etc. It is usually described as transmigration to "extinction", but the meaning given to "extinction" varies. ##There are four kinds of Nirvana: ##1.Nirvana of pure, clear self-nature ##2.Nirvana with residue ##3.Nirvana without residue ##4.Nirvana of no dwelling    [EngBuddhist]

 

<--- 法相辭典 --->

涅槃

★瑜伽四十五卷四頁云:又諸菩薩、觀一切行、先因永斷,后無余滅;其余畢竟不起不生。說名涅槃。

★二解 瑜伽八十一卷七頁云:涅槃者:謂有余依、及無余依。

★三解 瑜伽八十三卷二十二頁云:言涅槃者:謂無余依故。

★四解 瑜伽八十三卷二十二頁云:涅槃者:謂一切依、皆寂滅故。

★五解 無性釋一卷十二頁云:生等雜染、畢竟止息;名為涅槃。

★六解 雜集論八卷十六頁云:何故此滅復名涅槃?無相寂滅、大安樂住所依處故。永離一切色等諸想、究竟寂滅大安樂住所緣境故;故名涅槃。

★七解 佛地經論五卷三頁云:涅槃即是真如體上障永滅義。由無漏慧、簡擇諦理,斷諸雜染,而證得故;亦名擇滅。如是擇滅,于真如上,假施設有;無別實物。至究竟位,說名涅槃。無所趣故,無臭穢故,離編織故,離稠林故;名為涅槃。

★八解 大毗婆沙論三十二卷一頁云:何故擇滅、亦名涅槃?答:槃、名為趣。涅、名為出。永出諸趣,故名涅槃。復次槃、名為臭。涅、名為無。永無臭穢諸煩惱業,故名涅槃。復次槃、名稠林。涅、名永離。永離一切三災三相諸蘊稠林,故名涅槃。復次槃、名為織。涅、名為不。此中永無煩惱業縷,不織生死異熟果絹;故名涅槃。余如前說。

 

<--- 佛光大辭典 --->

涅槃

梵語nirva^n!a,巴利語nibba^na。又作泥洹、泥曰、涅槃那、涅隸槃那、抳縛南、匿縛喃。意譯作滅、寂滅、滅度、寂、無生。與擇滅、離系、解脫等詞同義。或作般涅槃(般,為梵語pari 之音譯,完全之義,意譯作圓寂)、大般涅槃(大,即殊勝之意。又作大圓寂)。原來指吹滅,或表吹滅之狀態;其后轉指燃燒煩惱之火滅盡,完成悟智(即菩提)之境地。此乃超越生死(迷界)之悟界,亦為佛教終極之實踐目的,故表佛教之特征而列為法印之一,稱‘涅槃寂靜’。佛教以外之教派雖亦有涅槃之說,然與佛教者迥異。佛教大乘、小乘對涅槃之解釋,異說紛紜。總約之,可大別如下:

(一)據部派佛教,涅槃即滅卻煩惱之狀態。其中復有有余(依)涅槃與無余(依)涅槃之分,前者是雖斷煩惱,然肉體(意即殘余之依身,略稱‘余依’或‘余’)殘存之情形;后者是灰身滅智之狀態,即指一切歸于滅無之狀況。有部等主張涅槃乃一存在之實體,經量部等視涅槃為煩惱滅盡的狀態之假名,而其本身并無實體。

(二)中論等以實相為涅槃,實相又即為因緣所生法上之空性,故與生死世間無有區別。同時,南本涅槃經卷三指出涅槃具足如下八味,即常、恆、安、清淨、不老、不死、無垢、快樂,稱為涅槃八味。若以此配以涅槃四德,常、恆為常,安、快樂為樂,不老、不死為我,清淨、無垢為淨。唯識宗稱涅槃有四種,即本來自性清淨涅槃、有余依涅槃、無余依涅槃與無住處涅槃四種。其中之本來自性清淨涅槃,略稱本來清淨涅槃、性淨涅槃,謂一切事物之本來相即是真如寂滅之理體,乃指真如。無住處涅槃,即依于智慧,遠離煩惱、所知二障,不滯生死之迷界,且因大悲救濟眾生,故在迷界中活動,又不滯于涅槃之境地。大乘佛教之涅槃教說即以此為特色。

此外,地論宗、攝論宗謂涅槃分為性淨涅槃與方便淨涅槃(藉修道去除煩惱而得之涅槃)二種。天台宗則分為性淨涅槃、圓淨涅槃(相當于地論宗等之方便淨涅槃)與方便淨涅槃(佛以救渡眾生故,示現假身,緣盡而入涅槃。又作應化涅槃)等三涅槃。

(三)小乘之聲聞、緣覺入無余涅槃,再回心轉向大乘之教,稱為無余還生。同時,涅槃乃超離一切差別相狀者(有為之相),故又稱離相。淨土宗稱彌陀淨土為涅槃之城,亦稱無為涅槃界。

(四)出現此世為人的佛(特指釋尊),其肉體之死,稱涅槃、般涅槃、大般涅槃。入涅槃又稱入滅、薪盡火滅(薪喻佛身或機緣,火喻智慧或佛身)。涅槃原意指釋尊之成道,但今大抵皆作無余依涅槃之意。刻繪釋尊入滅姿態之畫像或雕像,稱為涅槃像。舉行追慕釋尊之法會,稱涅槃會、涅槃忌、常樂會等。后世稱僧侶之死為圓寂、歸寂、示寂、入寂等。﹝雜阿含經卷十八、北本涅槃經卷三十三、金光明最勝王經第一如來壽量品、大毗婆沙論卷二十八、卷三十三、卷三十四、俱舍論卷六﹞

 

<--- Bulkwang --->
涅槃
梵語 nirvāṇa,巴利語 nibbāna。又作泥洹、泥曰、涅槃那、涅隸槃那、抳縛南、縛。意譯作滅、寂滅、滅度、寂、無生。與擇滅、離繫、解脫等詞同義。或作般涅槃(般,為梵語 pari 之音譯,完全之義,意譯作圓寂)、大般涅槃(大,即殊勝之意。又作大圓寂)。原來指吹滅,或表吹滅之狀態;其後轉指燃燒煩惱之火滅盡,完成悟智(即菩提)之境地。此乃超越生死(迷界)之悟界,亦為佛教終極之實踐目的,故表佛教之特徵而列為法印之一,稱「涅槃寂靜」。佛教以外之教派雖亦有涅槃之說,然與佛教者迥異。佛教大乘、小乘對涅槃之解釋,異說紛紜。總約之,可大別如下:
(一)據部派佛教,涅槃即滅卻煩惱之狀態。其中復有有餘(依)涅槃與無餘(依)涅槃之分,前者是雖斷煩惱,然肉體(意即殘餘之依身,略稱「餘依」或「餘」)殘存之情形;後者是灰身滅智之狀態,即指一切歸於滅無之狀況。有部等主張涅槃乃一存在之實體,經量部等視涅槃為煩惱滅盡的狀態之假名,而其本身並無實體。
(二)中論等以實相為涅槃,實相又即為因緣所生法上之空性,故與生死世間無有區別。同時,南本涅槃經卷三指出涅槃具足如下八味,即常、恆、安、清淨、不老、不死、無垢、快樂,稱為涅槃八味。若以此配以涅槃四德,常、恆為常,安、快樂為樂,不老、不死為我,清淨、無垢為淨。唯識宗稱涅槃有四種,即本來自性清淨涅槃、有餘依涅槃、無餘依涅槃與無住處涅槃四種。其中之本來自性清淨涅槃,略稱本來清淨涅槃、性淨涅槃,謂一切事物之本來相即是真如寂滅之理體,乃指真如。無住處涅槃,即依於智慧,遠離煩惱、所知二障,不滯生死之迷界,且因大悲救濟眾生,故在迷界中活動,又不滯於涅槃之境地。大乘佛教之涅槃教說即以此為特色。
此外,地論宗、攝論宗謂涅槃分為性淨涅槃與方便淨涅槃(藉修道去除煩惱而得之涅槃)二種。天台宗則分為性淨涅槃、圓淨涅槃(相當於地論宗等之方便淨涅槃)與方便淨涅槃(佛以救渡眾生故,示現假身,緣盡而入涅槃。又作應化涅槃)等三涅槃。
(三)小乘之聲聞、緣覺入無餘涅槃,再迴心轉向大乘之教,稱為無餘還生。同時,涅槃乃超離一切差別相狀者(有為之相),故又稱離相。淨土宗稱彌陀淨土為涅槃之城,亦稱無為涅槃界。
(四)出現此世為人的佛(特指釋尊),其肉體之死,稱涅槃、般涅槃、大般涅槃。入涅槃又稱入滅、薪盡火滅(薪喻佛身或機緣,火喻智慧或佛身)。涅槃原意指釋尊之成道,但今大抵皆作無餘依涅槃之意。刻繪釋尊入滅姿態之畫像或雕像,稱為涅槃像。舉行追慕釋尊之法會,稱涅槃會、涅槃忌、常樂會等。後世稱僧侶之死為圓寂、歸寂、示寂、入寂等。〔雜阿含經卷十八、北本涅槃經卷三十三、金光明最勝王經第一如來壽量品、大毘婆沙論卷二十八、卷三十三、卷三十四、俱舍論卷六〕#p4149

 

<--- 佛學大辭典 --->

涅槃

(朮語)Nirva%na,又作泥曰,泥洹,泥畔,涅槃那等。舊譯諸師,譯為滅,滅度,寂滅,不生,無為,安樂,解脫等。新譯曰波利匿縛喃Parinirva%n!a。譯為圓寂。滅者,滅生死因果之義也。滅度者,滅生死之因果,渡生死之瀑流也。是滅即度也。寂滅者,寂有無為空寂安穩之義,滅者生死之大患滅也。不生者,生死之苦果不再生也。無為者,無惑業因緣之造作也。安樂者,安穩快樂也。解脫者,離眾果也。此中單譯滅為正翻。他皆為義翻。肇師之涅槃無明論曰:“泥曰,泥洹,涅槃,此三名前后異出。蓋是楚夏不同耳。云涅槃,音正也,(中略)秦言無為,亦名度。無為者,取于虛無寂寞妙滅絕于有為。滅度者,言其大患永滅,超度四流。”涅槃玄義上曰:“既可得翻,且舉十家:一竺道生,時人呼為涅槃聖,翻為滅。二莊嚴大斌,翻為寂滅。三白馬愛,翻為秘藏。四長干影,翻為安樂。五定林柔,翻為無累解脫。六大宗昌,翻為解脫。七梁武,翻為不生。八肇論,云無為亦云滅度。九會稽基,偏用無為一義。十開善光宅,同用滅度。”大乘義章十八曰:“外國涅槃,此翻為滅。滅煩惱故,滅生死故,名之為滅。離眾相故,大寂靜故,名之為滅。”涅槃經四曰:“滅諸煩惱,名為涅槃。離諸有者,乃為涅槃。”圓覺經曰:“以因緣俱滅,故心相皆盡,名得涅槃。”賢首心經略疏曰:“涅槃,此云圓寂。謂德無不備稱圓,障無不盡名寂。”俱舍論二十四曰:“通達言唯自見道,是證圓寂初加行故。”唯識述記一本曰:“西域梵音云波利匿縛喃。波利者,圓也。匿縛喃,言寂。即是圓滿體寂滅義。舊云涅槃,音訛略也。今或順古亦云涅槃。”華嚴大疏五十二曰:“譯名涅槃,正名為滅。取其義類,乃有多方。總以義翻稱為圓寂。以義充法界,德備塵沙曰圓。體窮真性,妙絕相累為寂。”##【圖像: 0208.JPG 刪減】

 

<--- Soothill-Hodous Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms --->
涅槃
nirvāṇa, 'blown out, gone out, put out, extinguished'; 'liberated-from existence'; 'dead, deceased, defunct.' 'Liberation, eternal bliss'; '(with Buddhists and Jainas) absolute extinction or annihilation, complete extinction of individual existence.' M.W. Other forms are 涅槃那; 泥日; 泥洹; 泥畔 Originally translated 滅 to extinguish, extinction, put out (as a lamp or fire), it was also described as 解脫 release, 寂滅 tranquil extinction; 無爲 inaction, without effort, passiveness; 不生 no (re)birth; 安樂 calm joy; 滅度transmigration to 'extinction'. The meaning given to 'extinction' varies, e.g. individual extinction; cessation of rebirth; annihilation of passion; extinction of all misery and entry into bliss. While the meaning of individual extinction is not without advocates, the general acceptation is the extinction or end of all return to reincarnation with its concomitant suffering, and the entry into bliss. Nirvāṇa may be enjoyed in the present life as an attainable state, with entry into <foreign lang="sa">parinirvāṇa</foreign>, or perfect bliss to follow. It may be (a) with a 'remainder', i.e. the cause but not all the effect (karma), of reincarnation having been destroyed; (b) without 'remainder', both cause and effect having been extinguished. The answer of the Buddha as to the continued personal existence of the Tathāgata in nirvāṇa is, in the Hīnayāna canon, relegated 'to the sphere of the indeterminates' (Keith), as one of the questions which are not essential to salvation. One argument is that flame when blown out does not perish but returns to the totality of Fire. The <title>Nirvāṇa Sutra</title> claims for nirvāṇa the ancient ideas of 常樂我淨 permanence, bliss, personality purity in the transcendental realm. Mahāyāna declares that Hīnayāna by denying personality in the transcendental realm denies the existence of the Buddha. In Mahāyāna final nirvāṇa is transcendental, and is also used as a term for the absolute. The place where the Buddha entered his earthly nirvāṇa is given as Kuśinagara, cf. 拘.

<--- Various Buddhist --->
涅槃
(術語)Nirvāna,又作泥曰,泥洹,泥畔,涅槃那等。舊譯諸師,譯為滅,滅度,寂滅,不生,無為,安樂,解脫等。新譯曰波利暱縛喃Parinirvāṇa。譯為圓寂。滅者,滅生死因果之義也。滅度者,滅生死之因果,渡生死之瀑流也。是滅即度也。寂滅者,寂有無為空寂安穩之義,滅者生死之大患滅也。不生者,生死之苦果不再生也。無為者,無惑業因緣之造作也。安樂者,安穩快樂也。解脫者,離眾果也。此中單譯滅為正翻。他皆為義翻。肇師之涅槃無明論曰:「泥曰,泥洹,涅槃,此三名前後異出。蓋是楚夏不同耳。云涅槃,音正也,(中略)秦言無為,亦名度。無為者,取於虛無寂寞妙滅絕於有為。滅度者,言其大患永滅,超度四流。」涅槃玄義上曰:「既可得翻,且舉十家:一竺道生,時人呼為涅槃聖,翻為滅。二莊嚴大斌,翻為寂滅。三白馬愛,翻為秘藏。四長干影,翻為安樂。五定林柔,翻為無累解脫。六大宗昌,翻為解脫。七梁武,翻為不生。八肇論,云無為亦云滅度。九會稽基,偏用無為一義。十開善光宅,同用滅度。」大乘義章十八曰:「外國涅槃,此翻為滅。滅煩惱故,滅生死故,名之為滅。離眾相故,大寂靜故,名之為滅。」涅槃經四曰:「滅諸煩惱,名為涅槃。離諸有者,乃為涅槃。」圓覺經曰:「以因緣俱滅,故心相皆盡,名得涅槃。」賢首心經略疏曰:「涅槃,此云圓寂。謂德無不備稱圓,障無不盡名寂。」俱舍論二十四曰:「通達言唯自見道,是證圓寂初加行故。」唯識述記一本曰:「西域梵音云波利暱縛喃。波利者,圓也。暱縛喃,言寂。即是圓滿體寂滅義。舊云涅槃,音訛略也。今或順古亦云涅槃。」華嚴大疏五十二曰:「譯名涅槃,正名為滅。取其義類,乃有多方。總以義翻稱為圓寂。以義充法界,德備塵沙曰圓。體窮真性,妙絕相累為寂。」##【圖像: 0208.JPG 刪減】    [Dfb]

華譯滅度、寂滅、圓寂、大寂定等,是超越時空的真如境界,也是不生不滅的意思。    [ChenYi]

瑜伽四十五卷四頁云:又諸菩薩、觀一切行、先因永斷,後無餘滅;其餘畢竟不起不生。說名涅槃。##二解 瑜伽八十一卷七頁云:涅槃者:謂有餘依、及無餘依。##三解 瑜伽八十三卷二十二頁云:言涅槃者:謂無餘依故。##四解 瑜伽八十三卷二十二頁云:涅槃者:謂一切依、皆寂滅故。##五解 無性釋一卷十二頁云:生等雜染、畢竟止息;名為涅槃。##六解 雜集論八卷十六頁云:何故此滅復名涅槃?無相寂滅、大安樂住所依處故。永離一切色等諸想、究竟寂滅大安樂住所緣境故;故名涅槃。##七解 佛地經論五卷三頁云:涅槃即是真如體上障永滅義。由無漏慧、簡擇諦理,斷諸雜染,而證得故;亦名擇滅。如是擇滅,於真如上,假施設有;無別實物。至究竟位,說名涅槃。無所趣故,無臭穢故,離編織故,離稠林故;名為涅槃。##八解 大毗婆沙論三十二卷一頁云:何故擇滅、亦名涅槃?答:槃、名為趣。涅、名為出。永出諸趣,故名涅槃。復次槃、名為臭。涅、名為無。永無臭穢諸煩惱業,故名涅槃。復次槃、名稠林。涅、名永離。永離一切三災三相諸蘊稠林,故名涅槃。復次槃、名為織。涅、名為不。此中永無煩惱業縷,不織生死異熟果絹;故名涅槃。餘如前說。    [FarShaung]

梵語涅槃,華言滅度。謂諸眾生,猒生死苦,修習梵行,斷諸煩惱,證大涅槃,故違煩惱之惑也。    [SanZunFaSu]

梵語涅槃,華言滅度。即如來所證究竟法身之果。以其無滅無生,不遷不變,是為常住果。    [SanZunFaSu]

 

<--- yusig --->
涅槃
又作泥洹、涅槃那,意譯作滅、寂滅、滅度、無生。與擇滅、離繫、解脫等詞同義。或作般涅槃、大般涅槃。原來指的是吹滅,或表示火漸漸熄滅的狀態;其后轉指燃燒煩惱之火滅盡,完成悟智(即菩提)的境地。此乃超越生死(迷界)之悟界,亦為佛教終極的實踐目的,故表佛教的特征而列為法印之一,稱‘涅槃寂靜’。部派佛教,以涅槃即滅却煩惱之狀態。其中復有有余依涅槃與無余依涅槃之分,前者是雖斷煩惱,然肉體(意即殘余之依身,)仍存之情形;后者是灰身滅智之狀態,即指一切歸於滅無之狀況。出現此世為人的佛(特指釋尊),其肉體之死,稱涅槃、般涅槃、大般涅槃。入涅槃又稱入滅、薪盡火滅(薪喻佛身或機緣,火喻智慧或佛身)。涅槃原意指釋尊之成道,但今大抵皆作無余依涅槃之意。

 

<--- 高级汉语大词典 --->
涅槃
nièpán
[nirvana,bana] [佛教]∶正觉的境界,在此境界,贪、嗔、痴与以经验为根据的我亦已灭尽,达到寂静、安稳和常在

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