<--- 陳義孝佛學常見辭彙 --->
四念處
又名四念住,即身念處、受念處、心念處、法念處。身念處是觀身不淨;受念處是觀受是苦;心念處是觀心無常;法念處是觀法無我。此四念處的四種觀法都是以智慧為體,以慧觀的力量,把心安住在道法上,使之正而不邪。
<--- Eng-Ch-Eng dic of Buddhist terms --->
四念處
'Four Mindfulnesses.' Same as sinianzhu 四念住sinianzhu and 四觀.
<--- 佛學大辭典 --->
四念處
(名數)【參見: 四字部本】
<--- 三藏法數 --->
四念處
﹝出法界次第﹞ 念即能觀之觀,處即所觀之境也。謂諸眾生於色受想行識五陰起四顛倒,於色多起淨倒,於受多起樂倒,於想、行多起我倒,於心多起常倒,為令眾生修此四觀,以除四倒,故名四念處也。 〔一、觀身不淨〕,身有內外,己身名內身,他人之身名外身。此內外身,皆攬父母遺體而成;從頭至足,一一觀之,純是穢物。眾生顛倒,執之為淨,而生貪著,故令觀身不淨也。 〔二、觀受是苦〕,領納名受,有內受、外受;意根受名內受,五根受名外受。一一根有順受違受,不違不順受。於順情之境則生樂受,於違情之境則生苦受,於不違不順之境則生不苦不樂受。樂受是壞苦,苦受是苦苦,不苦不樂受是行苦。眾生顛倒,以苦為樂。故令觀受是苦也。(五根者,眼根、耳根、鼻根、舌根、身根也。樂受是壞苦者,樂壞則苦生,即樂極悲生也。苦苦者,於苦身上更加苦受,故名苦苦。行苦者,雖是不苦不樂,念念心有生滅,是故名行苦也。) 〔三、觀心無常〕,心即第六識也。謂此識心,體性流動,若麤若細,若內若外,念念生滅,皆悉無常。眾生顛倒,計以為常,故令觀心無常也。 〔四、觀法無我〕,法有善法惡法。人皆約法計我,謂我能行善行惡也。善惡法中,本無有我。若善法是我,惡法應無我;若惡法是我,善法應無我。眾生顛倒,妄計有我,故令觀法無我也。
念即想念,處即身受心法也。一、身念處,謂觀此色身,皆是不淨也。二、受念處,謂觀領受好惡等事,悉皆是苦也。三、心念處,謂觀此識心生滅無常也。四、法念處,謂觀諸法從因緣生,皆無有我也。
<--- Chin-Eng-Buddhist --->
四念處
Four objects on which memory or the thought should dwell— the impurity of the body, that all sensations lead to suffering, that mind is impermanent, and that there is no such thing as an ego. There are other categories for thought or meditation. [Soothill]
'Four Mindfulnesses.' Same as sinianzhu 四念住sinianzhu and 四觀. [EngBuddhist]
<--- Soothill-Hodous Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms --->
四念處
(四念處觀); 四念住 smṛtyupasthāna. The fourfold stage of mindfulness, thought, or meditation that follows the 五停心觀 five-fold procedure for quieting the mind. This fourfold method, or objectivity of thought, is for stimulating the mind in ethical wisdom. It consists of contemplating (1) 身 the body as impure and utterly filthy; (2) 受 sensation, or consciousness, as always resulting in suffering; (3) 心 mind as impermanent, merely one sensation after another; (4) 法 things in general as being dependent and without a nature of their own. The four negate the ideas of permanence, joy, personality, and purity 常, 樂, 我, and 淨, i. e. the four 顚倒, but v. 四德. They are further subdivided into 別 and 總 particular and general, termed 別相念處 and 總相念處, and there are further subdivisions.
Four objects on which memory or the thought should dwell-- the impurity of the body, that all sensations lead to suffering, that mind is impermanent, and that there is no such thing as an ego. There are other categories for thought or meditation.
<--- Eng-Ch-Eng dic of Buddhist terms --->
四念住
The 'four stations (or bases) of mindfulness'; also; the fourfold contemplation to be practiced after one has completed the exercise of tranquilizing one's mind: (1) shennianzhu 身念住, contemplating one's body as defiled; (2) shounianzhu 受念住, contemplating one's feelings as painful: even though there are agreeable sensations, they are deceptive, and there is no true pleasure in the world; (3) xinnianzhu 心念住, contemplating one's mind as constantly changing and (4) fanianzhu 法念住, contemplating things in general as devoid of inherent existence. The four bases of mindfulness are included in the thirty-seven elements of enlightenment (三十七道品). Also written 四念處.
<--- 法相辭典 --->
四念住
★如瑜伽二十八卷十六頁至二十四頁廣釋,繁不備錄。
★二解 顯揚二卷十頁雲:四念住者,一、身念住,謂或緣于身,或復緣身增上教法,或緣彼教授為境界已,由聞思修之所生慧,或唯影像,或事成就,于身境處善安住念,為令于身得離系故。如于身念住,如是于受心法念住應知亦爾。此中差別者,謂各于自境如其所應,乃至為令于法得離系故。又一切處應說,與念相應心及心法。如是發起觀察心時,所緣之境有四種事:一、心所執事,二、心領納事,三、心了別事,四、心染淨事。
★三解 辯中邊論中卷十一頁雲:此中先應說修念住。頌曰:以粗重愛因,我事無迷故,為入四聖諦,修念住應知。論曰:粗重由身而得顯了,故觀察此,入苦聖諦。身以有粗重諸行為相故,以諸粗重,即行苦性,由此聖觀,有漏皆苦,諸有漏受,說為愛因,故觀察此,入集聖諦。心是我執所依緣事,故觀察此,入滅聖諦。怖我斷滅,由斯離故,觀察法故,于染淨法遠離愚迷,入道聖諦。是故為入四聖諦理,最初說修四念住觀。
★四解 集論六卷七頁雲:四念住所緣者,謂身受心法。復有四事,謂我所依事、我受用事、我自體事、我染淨事。自體者,謂慧及念。助伴者,謂彼相應心心所等。修習者,謂于內身等修,循身等觀。如于內、于外、于內外亦爾。內身者,謂于此身中所有內色處。外身者,謂外所有外色處。內外身者,謂內處相應所有、外處根所依止,又他身中所有內色處。雲何于身修循身觀?謂以分別影像身與本質身,平等循觀。內受者,謂因內身所生受。外受者,謂因外身所生受。內外受者,謂因內外身所生受。如受、心法亦爾。如于身修循身觀,如是于受等修循受等觀,如其所應。又修習者,謂欲、勤、策、勵、勇猛、不息、正念、正知及不放逸修習差別故。欲修習者,謂為對治不作意隨煩惱。勤修習者,謂為對治懈怠隨煩惱。策修習者,謂為對治幹頡□艟偎娣襯鍘@修習者,謂為對治心下劣性隨煩惱。勇猛修習者,謂為對治疏漏、疲倦隨煩惱。不息修習者,謂為對治得少善法生知足喜隨煩惱。正念修習者,謂為對治忘失尊教隨煩惱。正知修習者,謂為對治毀犯、追悔隨煩惱。不放逸修習者,謂為對治舍諸善軛隨煩惱。修果者,謂斷四顛倒,趣入四諦,身等離系。
★五解 俱舍論二十三卷一頁雲:依已修成滿勝奢摩他,為毗缽舍那修四念住。如何修習四念住耶?謂以自共相觀身受心法。身、受、心、法各別自性,名為自相。一切有為皆非常性,一切有漏皆是苦性,及一切法空非我性,名為共相。身自性者,大種造色。受、心自性,如自名顯。法自性者:除三餘法。傳說:在定以極微剎那,各別觀身,名身念住滿。餘三滿相,如應當知。何等名為四念住體?此四念住體各有三,自性、相雜、所緣別故。自性念住,以慧為體;此慧有三種,謂聞等所成,即此亦名三種念住。相雜念住,以慧所餘俱有為體。所緣念住,以慧所緣諸法為體,寧知自性是慧非餘。經說:于身住循身觀,名身念住;餘三亦然。諸循觀名,唯自慧體;非慧無有循觀用故。何緣于慧立念住名?毗婆沙師說:此品念增故,是念力持慧得轉義。如斧破木,由楔力持。理實應言慧令念住,是故于慧立念住名。隨慧所觀,能明記故,由此無滅,作如是言:若有能于身住循身觀,緣身念得住,乃至廣說。世尊亦說:若有于身住循身觀者,念便住不謬。然有經言:此四念住由何故集?由何故滅?食觸名色作意集故,如次令身、受、心、法集。食觸、名色作意滅故,如次令身受心法滅。應知彼說所緣念住,以念于彼得安住故。又念住別名隨所緣,緣自他俱相續異故。一一念住,各有三種。此四念住,說次隨生。生復何緣,次第如是?隨境粗者,應先觀故。或諸欲貪,于身處轉。故四念住,觀身在初。然貪于身,由欣樂受。欣樂于受,由心不調。心之不調,由惑未斷。故觀受等如是次第。此四念住,如次治彼淨樂常我四種顛倒。故唯有四,不增不減。四中三種,唯不雜緣。第四所緣,通雜不雜。若唯觀法,名不雜緣。若于身等,二三或四。總而觀察,名為雜緣。
★六解 法蘊足論四卷八頁雲:爾時世尊告芻眾:吾當為汝略說修習四念住法。謂有芻,于此內身,住循身觀;若具正勤、正知、正念,除世貪憂。于彼外身,住循身觀;若具正勤、正知、正念,除世貪憂。于內外身,住循身觀,若具正勤、正知、正念,除世貪憂。于內外俱受、心、法三,廣說亦爾。是現修習四念住法。過去、未來芻修習四念住法,應知亦爾。如彼四卷八頁至五卷四頁廣釋。
★七解 集異門論六卷十頁雲:四念住者,一身念住,二受念住,三心念住,四法念住。身念住雲何?答:十有色處及法處所攝色,是名身念住。受念住雲何?答:六受身,謂眼觸所生受,乃至意觸所生受,是名受念住。心念住雲何?答:六識身,謂眼識乃至意識,是名心念住。法念住雲何?答:受蘊所不攝無色法處,是名法念住。復次,身增上所生諸善有漏及無漏道,是名身念住。受增上所生諸善有漏及無漏道,是名受念住。心增上所生諸善有漏及無漏道,是名心念住。法增上所生諸善有漏及無漏道,是名法念住。復次,緣身慧名身念住,緣受慧名受念住,緣心慧名心念住,緣法慧名法念住
★八解 大毗婆沙論一百四十一卷一頁雲:四念
<--- 佛光大辭典 --->
四念住
梵語catva^ri smr!ty-upastha^na^ni,巴利語catta^ro sati-pat!t!ha^na^ni。為三十七道品中之一科。指集中心念于一點,防止雜念妄想生起,以得真理之四種方法。乃原始經典中所說之修行法門。又作四念處、四意止、四止念、四念、身受心法。即以自相、共相,觀身不淨、受是苦、心無常、法無我,以次第對治淨、樂、常、我等四顛倒之觀法。念,含有慧觀之義;住,即于身、受、心、法四境,生起不淨、苦等觀慧時,其念能止住于其處。
據俱舍論卷二十三載,修習四念住之法,系以自相、共相,依次觀照身、受、心、法四境。自相,乃四境各別之自性;如身之自性,為四大種所造之色。共相,則為諸法共通之性,即一切法皆具有非常、苦、空、非我等之性。
四念住即:(一)身念住(梵ka^ya -smr!ty-upastha^na ,巴kaye ka^ya^nupassi^ viharati a^ta^pi^ sampaja^no satima^ ),又作身念處。即觀身之自相為不淨,同時觀身之非常、苦、空、非我等共相,以對治淨顛倒。(二)受念住(梵vedana^ -smr!ty- upastha^na ,巴vedana^su vedana^nupassi^ viharatia^ta^pi^ sampaja^no satima^ ),又作受念處。即觀于欣求樂受中反生苦之原由,並觀苦、空等共相,以對治樂顛倒。(三)心念住(梵citta -smr!ty-upastha^na ,巴cittecitta^nupassi^ viharati a^ta^pi^ sampaja^no satima^ ),又作心念處。即觀能求心之生滅無常,並觀其共相,以對治常顛倒。(四)法念住(梵dharma -smr!ty-upastha^na ,巴dhammesu dhamma^nupassi^ viharatia^ta^pi^ sampaja^no satima^ ),又作法念處。即觀一切法皆依因緣而生,無有自性,並觀其共相,以對治我顛倒。
四念住之體皆各有三種,稱為三念住。即:(一)自性念住,又作性念處。以能觀察身、受、心、法之聞、思、修等三慧為體。(二)相雜念住,又作共念處。以與慧同時存在之心、心所(精神作用)等為體。(三)所緣念住,又作緣念處。以慧所緣之對象,即身、受、心、法等四境為體。
四念住之觀法,可分為別相、總相二種。即:(一)別相念住,為四念住之各別觀法。 (二)總相念住,為總合四念住之觀法。又四念住中之前三境為雜緣,第四法念住則通于雜緣與不雜緣。唯觀法念住者,稱為不雜緣;于身、受、心、法等,或觀二境、三境之合緣,或總觀四境之合緣,則稱為雜緣。若修習雜緣法念住,可入四善根位。
此外,大乘阿毗達磨雜集論卷十,舉出四念住依次趣入四諦之說,即由身念住趣入苦諦,由受念住趣入集諦,由心念住趣入滅諦,由法念住趣入道諦。﹝中阿含卷二十四念處經、長阿含卷十‘三聚經’、增一阿念經卷十一、坐禪三昧經卷下、大智度論卷十九、瑜伽師地論卷二十九、卷三十、四念處(智)卷一、卷三、大乘義章卷十六末、俱舍論光記卷二十三﹞(參閱‘三念住’562)
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